The 411 on copyright for net p Essay Example For Students

The 411 on copyright for net p Essay Introduction Wow who owns all these pretty pictures? Net Photogs See me, feel me, touch me, pay me. Net Agencies Service with a click of a mouse. Net Publishers All is fair in love, war and publishing. Net Users Free ride! INTRODUCTION If Francesca were alive today she could track her lovers photos from his homepage instead of schlepping to the Piggly Wiggly to purchase the latest National Geographic. Even if you are stuck in Peoria,1 the family can gather around the key board, open up your Happy Meals and view some of the Best Photography in the world. You want pictures? Boy do we have pictures, click onto the Photo Net Index for a inventory of photographers portfolios, galleries, and museums. Who owns the copyrights to all these cool Net photos? This paper presents a sampling of opinions and predictions about the application of copyright law to Net photos in relation to contemporary photographers; stock photo agencies; publishers; and Net users. THE NET PHOTOG ENTREPRENEUR NET ADV ANTAGES Contemporary Photographers are creating homepages to display portfolios on the Net to advertise for jobs, learn new skills, network with colleagues, and provide pleasure to the viewing public. Stacy Rosenstocks portfolio is an example of the excellent photo art available for viewing on the Net. Photographer/author/adventurer Philip Greenspun uses photos to accompany text in Travels With Samantha Mr. Greenspun says that viewer response is one of the rewards for publishing on the Net.2 The Net is a unique medium for photographers, offering one-on-one feedback from viewers, fellow photographers and critics on a scale not available from the typical art gallery or magazine venue. The scale is larger in terms of the number of potential viewers and the boarderless international viewing audience who may choose to browse. A computer savvy photographer may create a homepage portfolio or seek display with one of the on-line galleries such as that Digital Wave Gallery, or that On Line G allery. A photographer choosing the Net as a display venue can also use the net to learn about copyrights. The American Society for media Photographers offers easy to read copyright information in the that Copyright Guide for Photographers . INFRINGEMENT ENFORCEMENT When a photographer discovers a photo has been published without authorization, the photographer maybe able to secure an injunction, recover actual damages and lost profits.3 Mr. Weisgrau and Mr. Remer point out the legal advantage to writing a copyright notice on the photograph consisting of (c)1995 Artists Name.4 That advantage is possible elimination of the innocent infringer defense.5 Innocent infringers may only be liable for a fair licensing fee.6 An order to sue an infringer the copyright holder must register the photo.7 In order to register the photo, the photographer must possess the photo. Traditionally this is not a problem because the photographer would have a negative, or a print or a slide or some tangible object as a photo. If the photographer has scanned the photo onto a home page or provided the photo to a gallery then there would be no problem if the photographer retains the original. See Philip Greenspuns FAQ on photo scanning. Similarly a CD disk photo would also be tangible to register. However when a photographer uses a filmless camera this projects images directly onto a computer for real-time adjustment.8 If a photographer were to upload this kind of photo, some tangible print would still be required for registration.9 The problem of fixation as it relates to photos on the Net will usually arise in the context of whether or not a photograph was copied by an infringer.10 Certain ephemeral artworks like the type produced by Christo, have been the subject of controversy in terms of the fixation requirement for copyright protection.11 In the context of copyright protection for computer programs the Ninth Circuit held in MAI Systems Corp. v. Peak Computer Inc., that copying for p urposes of copyright law occurs when a computer program is transferred from a permanent storage device to a computers RAM random access memory.12 The court described fixation as sufficiently permanent or stable to permit them to be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated for a period of more than transitory duration.13 This decision as it relates to photos on the net may be a practical problem of proof. Net photos, like Christos sculptures, may be here today, gone tomorrow. Consequently the problem will be a whether a copyright claimant will be able to provide a court documentary evidence of the copyrightable subject matter.14 INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION International copyright protection is of special importance to Net photogs. The Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright Convention address copyright in the international market.15 Mr. Cinque outlines the three policies supporting copyright protection: incentive/dissemination; morality/fairness; natural law.16 Incentive/di ssemination is the tradeoff that society benefits from the work of creative artists while the artist may reap economic benefits.17 Morality/fairness is the commercial aspect of rewarding the worker and punishing unauthorized appropriations.18 Natural law embodies the concept that the author owns her work and may do with it as she sees fit.19 Considering these policies, Mr. Cinque argues that under the Berne Convention a copyright may be infringed when a work is copied or stored into a computer system because it is considered a reproduction.20 The Berne Convention provides a minimum of 25 years protection for photographic works and member states may provide additional protection.21 Mr. Cinque presents the case for and against increasing global enforcement of copyright protections in the digital world and concludes that international enforcement is necessary to continue to encourage artists to share work on-line.22 ECONOMIC INCENTIVES Mr. Cinques view supports the widely held assumpti on that artists require broad copyrights with strong enforcement in order to motivate the production of new, copyrightable works. The copyright act is aimed at protecting an artists economic rights.23 Economic theory is based on the concept that individuals are rational, profit-maximizing creatures.24 But economic theory when applied to artists doesnt explain their full range of motivation. It would be difficult to explain why intelligent, presumably rational people ever become artists, a word more often associated with the adjective starving than with wealthy.25 Net photogs appear generous with fellow internetters when it comes to non-commercial use of photographs. On the other hand, no one likes someone else making money of their work. Photographer Philip Greenspun describes his frustration with unauthorized use of his pictures in, The Somewhat Nasty Copyright Notice . As an artist he not only wants to get paid, but desires a certain quality level for his photos. On the other hand , Mr. Greenspun embraces the camaraderie of fellow internetters by authorizing redistribution of his text for non commercial purposes and requesting a source attribution and hyperlink for photos. SHARING RESOURCES The camaraderie among photographers is further evidenced by the wellspring of resources for photographers on the Net. The Michigan Press Photographers Association brings photographers together to share information, as does the Atlanta Photo Journalism Seminar and numerous other resources. One suggestion to assist photographers in protecting copyrights and collecting royalties is a centralized photo bank. Mr. Franklin presents the case for creating a centralized service to license photos, collect and distribute royalties, and engage in license enforcement. 26 The centralized service would include a copyright notice and computer code with the photo in order to track use.27 A similar system was recently established and is called United Image Royalties.28 EMPLOYERS A special n ote to photographers establishing homepages from work. Two authors warn of creating works using an employers Internet connection because work-related products may be determined to be the property of the employer.29 For example, Allen Rose, Ordinary Photographer is employed by the Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Mr. Roses weekly photo series is copyrighted to the newspaper. In a related matter, notice that Mr. Rose chose the location arose rather than something like telestar for his homepage locator. Employees should be careful in choosing web locators so as to avoid trademark problems similar to MTV v. Curry, see Trademarks Along the Infobahn. STOCK PHOTO AGENCIES Many photographers use stock photo agencies to sell photos. News magazines purchase a tremendous amount of published photos from stock agencies.30 For example in 1980 Time purchased 56.88% of their published photos from stock agencies and freelance photographers.31 A traditional stock photo agency publishes catalogues with thumb print photos which customers view and then purchase camera ready prints.32 Stock agencies publicize photos and also negotiate licenses in exchange for royalties.33 See the STOCKPHOTO web site to learn about stock agencies. One advantage of an on-line agency may be the capacity to for customers to download photos immediately. Another advantage to on-line agencies may be enhanced research resources for locating the right kind of photo among the thousands in stock. CONTRACTS When a publisher desires to purchase a photo from a stock agency there may be several contractual arrangements to weave through. These contract issues are determined by state law where as copyright law per se is the subject of federal statutes.34 Contracts may exist between the subject and the photographer, the photographer and the stock agency and perhaps a digital rights agent.35 Mr. Harrang states that a typical stock photo agency contract is a license for one edition only.36 The question of what is one edition has been debated in the context of CD-ROM publications. In this context some argue that an upgrade of the product would be a second edition requiring a re-license fee.37 Harring does not agree with this view and suggests that CD-ROM and on-line publishers can avoid the problem with proper electronic licensing contracts.38 An on-line stock agency such as Corbis Media should be more familiar with structuring proper electronic rights contracts.39 In terms of protecting copyrights while displaying photos on-line, Corbis puts a copyright notice in the upper left-hand corner of the photo.40 This copyright protects the digital file not the actual photo which is copyrighted to the photographer.41 PROTECTING COPYRIGHT WITH TECHNOLOGY Additionally, when a client desires to view a larger image of a photo, the client clicks on the thumbprint photo to access the 6 x 7 inch photo.42 To protect this copyright, Corbis adds a translucent watermark on the picture.43 This method is not full-proof. CEO Doug Rowan admits that the watermark could be eliminated by a technical person and they are working toward technical improvement of the system.44 Unlike other stock agencies, Corbis on-line pictures are for preview only and are not for customer downloading.45 NET PUBLISHERS AND PHOTOJOURNALISTS In Copyright in the New World of Electronic Publishing, See attorney William Strong reassures traditional publishers that copyright law will not be eviscerated by the Net. Copyright is grounded in the Constitution and assures a financial incentive to authors and creative persons.46 Mr. Strong takes the position that in a traditional author contract granting all right, title and interest in and to the work, including copyright grants a publisher broad rights to publish electronically.47 NEW CONTRACTS FOR E-RIGHTS When a publisher drafts new contracts, Mr. Strong recommends that to ensure that a publisher is getting the whole ball of wax that the contract should read the exclusive license to r eproduce the work and distribute it by all means and media now known or hereafter discovered, including, without limitation, print, microfilm, and electronic media as well as the right to display and transmit the work publicly on-line.48 This kind of all rights transaction is not popular among photographers and the American Society of Media Photographers (AMSP). cautions photographers to consider limiting a license by time, geographic area or media type.49 It is interesting to note, that apparently Mr. Strong did not sign such a contract with the publisher of his article, the Journal of Electronic Publishing (JEP) ). The copyright notice indicates that the author, not JEP, controls the copyright, consequently commercial publication is prohibited in print or electronic form without permission of the author. The tension between a publishers desire to license all rights to a photograph, and a photographers concern about giving away too much may gum up negotiations on the electronic pub lishing frontier.50 Mr. Harrang suggests separating legitimate concerns about changing technologies from simple angst about unfamiliar technologies.51 For example, an author may agree to license rights to a CD-ROM publication but hesitate to a license for on-line networks because of metered use questions.52 A resolution to this problem may be by agreement to negotiate a fair royalty amount in the future based on the existing rates.53 For example, Time Inc. is offering an increase in photographers day rate from $400 to $500 per day to compensate for electronic rights for assignment photos.54 Time also offers a royalty option offering a base fee of $75 per image plus a royalty rate that varies depending on a number of factors including English vs. foreign language distribution.55 Terms are to be reviewed in one year.56 About half the photographers have signed the new agreements and the remaining freelancers will continue to negotiate licenses for each photo.57 Time uses the photos in their on-line magazines and other products.58 There is no agreement among the Board members of the American Society of Media Photographers regarding the Time electronics rights policy.59 The value of the rights is hard to assess but ASMP board member Roger Ressmeyer believes that, at issue is the very survival of freelance photography into the next century.60 Veteran photographer Douglas Kirkland sums up the situation well, If there wasnt a substantial value in these rights, Time wouldnt be asking for them.61 On the other end of the spectrum, publisher Conde Nast has refused to pay any additional fees for electronic rights.62 INTERPRETATION OF PRE INTERNET CONTRACTS With regard to pre-Internet contracts, Mr. Strong predicts that where a contract is silent on the issue of electronic publication, the publisher has the right to produce the entire journal in any form including electronic.63 Mr. Strong points to the Copyright Act, in the absence of a written agreement the copyright owner of a contribution to a periodical will be deemed to have given the periodical publisher only the right to reproduce the article as part of the issue of the periodical in which it appears and any revision of that periodical.64 Mr. Strong says, While technically this is not relevant to an interpretation of an actual written contract, I believe it is fair to say that the presumptions which the statute creates here would probably be applied by any court forced to grapple with a contract that was silent on the question of electronic rights.65 The interpretation of old contracts and electronic rights is the subject of controversy between photographers and, TIME Inc. Recently, Time republished some Life cover photos for a CD compilation. Time associate counsel Laury Frieber maintains that the company need not pay the photographers a reuse fee.66 Instead the company sent a letter stating, While as a legal matter we are not obliged to make any additional payments to reproduce our covers, in the spirit of this project we decided to make a payment to all non-staffers whose images graced Lifes cover.67 The letter was accompanied by a $30.00 check.68 Ben Chapnick of the Black Star picture agency disagrees with Times interpretation of the license which he says was for one time use.69 Both Mr. Strong and Mr. Chapnick agree that litigation could take years.70 And Mr. Chapnick predicts in the Time situation, litigation could cost as much as $500,000.71 In any event, says Mr. Strong, each publisher can weigh the financial risks of a copyright violation or breach of contract suit against the gains of electronic publishing.72 Of course an individual photographer is unlikely to have the financial resources to litigate a law suit. HOW ONE PUBLISHER SEEKS TO PROTECT COPYRIGHTED WORKS Michael Rogers managing editor of Newsweek Interactive an on-line publication with Prodigy has integrated the photographs with the text rather than in separate files as a way to combat copyright infrin gement.73 That way, users cant export the pictures for other uses without special software, says Mr.Rogers.74 ALTERATION OF NEWS PHOTOS New on-line technology makes it easier to edit and alter photographs. Visit Digital Imaging photographers and editors can learn new ways to improve and change photographs. But using technology to create art is one thing, using it to doctor news photos is another. Copyright protection for computer art, including photographs is an emerging issue.75 But whereas copyright protection for art photos focuses on the value of the piece as art, the value of a news photo is accuracy.76 The ethics of doctoring news photos 77 is discussed on the Michigan Press Photographers Association (MPPA) home page. This discussion is about the LIFE magazine May, 1995 photo of the Kent State shootings wherein the photo was altered from the original shot by photographer, John Filo on May 4, 1970. The alteration eliminated a pole in the center of the photograph. David Friend, Lifes Director of Photography says it was a done unbeknownst to the editors. MPPA member Brian Masck responds, saying that credibility in the source of a photo is critical to photojournalism. Whether or not photographer John Filo has a cause of action against LIFE for printing the altered photo may be an issue of whether the terms of the print license were exceeded.78 This type of alteration is distinguished from the traditional cropping and centering that a photo editor might do because it is a change in the substance of the photograph. In the future, photographers are advised to safeguard against copyright infringement by including in the license the amount of digital manipulation allowed.79 However, copyright may not be the best or even the only issue regarding authenticity of news photographs.80 Again, the chain of contracts between publisher, photographer, stock agency and photo subject may present legal issues such as false light or misappropriation.81 The news photographer is again advised, to keep original photos to protect against actions like this and to be especially careful if photographing with filmless cameras where a photographer will not possess a negative.82 Alteration of news photos is not a new issue. But new copyright issues pop up in the context of on-line news photo alteration. On the one hand, alterations can be subtle pixel-by-pixel changes that are difficult to detect.83 This capacity makes it easy to steal on-line photos in toto or in part.84 The problem here is a photographers burden of proof as it relates to the ordinary observer approach in proving substantial similarity in an infringement action.85 Photojournalism reviewer Ken Kobre examines The Long Tradition of Doctoring Photos. Mr. Kobre notes that a recent edition of The National Enquirer displayed a doctored photo of a battered Nicole Brown Simpson.86 The Enquirer noted in small type that the photo was a recreation.87 Rather than shying away from the technology and the potent ial abuse of altering on-line news photos, Mr. Kobre believes that increased photographic access assists in the discovery of truth. Totalitarian regimes have been more adept at controlling- and changing what people see precisely because those regimes control their media. 88 In the end, The credibility demanded of journalism should continue to shape its uses of the computers capabilities.89 NET USERS Everyone agrees that Net Users, like most Americans, have little knowledge of copyright law.90 Digital works have some unique characteristics which challenge copyright law.91 Three of those characteristics include ease of replication, transmission, and alteration.92 The Net allows for quick replication and transmission of works as compared to traditional replication methods.93 Modification of Net documents may also provide some challenges to a courts interpretation of fixed.94 POSTING AND DOWNLOADING PHOTOS With regard to replication, transmission and alteration, some Net users behave as if all Net information is up for grabs whether or not the material is copyrighted and has a copyright notice.95 Celebrity fan club postings like the Brad Pitt Web Site are examples of users posting copyrighted photos to the Net. This home page acknowledges that these photos are copyrighted so please be nice. This acknowledgment confirms the Samuelson and Glushko observation that those who post information not authored by them on Internet bulletin boards or in electronic newsletters delivered by Internet sometimes do so with a conspicuous notice that it is being posted without copyright permission, thereby asserting the posters view of an appropriate scope of fair use.96 Furthermore, net users generally regard it as fair to download items from the bulletin board for ones personal use, and even to send a copy to a friend who might otherwise not see the item, it is considered bad manners (or worse) to redistribute more widely someone elses posting without its authors permission.97 It goes without saying that policing user behavior as it relates to copyright is difficult at best.98 ONE PUBLISHERS VIEW OF DOWNLOADING WORKS Recently Time posted Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue photos for personal downloading at the Pathfinder Website that ended up on one of the Supermodel websites. Times legal head Harry Johnston said The restriction is that you can download these pictures for personal use only, but not for further distribution. That would constitute an infringement.99 The idea of policing every single individual who might violate someones copyright has not existed for the last 30 years, with the advent of Xeroxing and videotaping. Its just a fact of life with the technological means we have of making copies. You simply cant catch them all, says Mr. Johnston.100 User liability for copy right infringement in a non commercial context is a disputed issued.101 A user posting someone elses photo to a bulletin board or a homepage raises questions of which fair use provi sion might be appropriate? Education, research, comment or criticism?102 Ms. ORourke predicts that users are infringing where a bulletin board subscriber forwards a document to a large number of non-subscribers.103 But what about home pages? In this context other Net users link to the page. Is the activity of posting Brad Pitt photos to a home page substantially different than uploading Playboy photos to a bulletin board?104 In the Playboy case the court found that a bulletin board operator violated Playboys exclusive rights to display and distribute its photos.105 While home page authors are not charging a subscription fee like the bulletin board operator, they are offering unauthorized, copyrighted photos for public display. In the context of the homepage author, the issue is not that someone is making money off the photo, but that an individual photographer could lose the market for a great photo when someone scans it into a homepage for all the world to access. AN AGENCY VIEW OF POSTING Jim Roehrig, president of Outline photo agency, takes the position that unauthorized posting is a violation of the copyright holders exclusive rights to distribute and publicly display their work.106 Outline represents fashion and celebrity photographers. Roehrig admits to being at a loss as to how to handle supermodels postings.107 Right now Roehrig says, Im hoping that this is relatively small usage and wont become a regular thing.108 THE USERS RIGHT TO VIEW But what about Net users right to view and access information. Copyright law clearly protects the copyright holder. One of the goals of the National Information Infrastructure is free or low cost information.109 The suggestions of the Green Paper drafted by the federal governments Information Infrastructure Task Force are controversial.110 See also a Response to NII. .u99adc1fd354e6bf3467fa3d9bbf666f7 , .u99adc1fd354e6bf3467fa3d9bbf666f7 .postImageUrl , .u99adc1fd354e6bf3467fa3d9bbf666f7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u99adc1fd354e6bf3467fa3d9bbf666f7 , .u99adc1fd354e6bf3467fa3d9bbf666f7:hover , .u99adc1fd354e6bf3467fa3d9bbf666f7:visited , .u99adc1fd354e6bf3467fa3d9bbf666f7:active { border:0!important; } .u99adc1fd354e6bf3467fa3d9bbf666f7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u99adc1fd354e6bf3467fa3d9bbf666f7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u99adc1fd354e6bf3467fa3d9bbf666f7:active , .u99adc1fd354e6bf3467fa3d9bbf666f7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u99adc1fd354e6bf3467fa3d9bbf666f7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u99adc1fd354e6bf3467fa3d9bbf666f7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u99adc1fd354e6bf3467fa3d9bbf666f7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u99adc1fd354e6bf3467fa3d9bbf666f7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u99adc1fd354e6bf3467fa3d9bbf666f7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u99adc1fd354e6bf3467fa3d9bbf666f7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u99adc1fd354e6bf3467fa3d9bbf666f7 .u99adc1fd354e6bf3467fa3d9bbf666f7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u99adc1fd354e6bf3467fa3d9bbf666f7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Artificial Intelligence Essay We will write a custom essay on The 411 on copyright for net p specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Ms. Litman says that the draft recommendations would vest in copyrightowners control of any reproduction or transmission of their works, and thendefines reproduction and transmission to include any appearance, even afleeting one, of a protected work in any computer, and any transfer of thatwork to, from, or through any other computer, the Draft Reportsrecommendations would enhance the exclusive rights in the copyright bundle sofar as to give the copyright owner the exclusive right to control reading,viewing or listening to any work in digitized form.

The Murder of Roseann Quinn

The Murder of Roseann Quinn Roseann Quinn was a 28-year-old school teacher who was brutally murdered in her apartment by a man she had met at a neighborhood bar. Her murder prompted the movie hit, Looking for Mr.Goodbar. Early Years Roseann Quinn was born in 1944. Her parents, both Irish-American, moved the family from Bronx, New York, to Mine Hill Township, New Jersey when Quinn was 11. At age 13 she was diagnosed with polio and spent a year hospitalized. Afterwards she was left with a slight limp, but was able to return to her normal life. Quinns parents were both devout Catholics and raised their children as such. In 1962, Quinn graduated from the Morris Catholic High School in Denville, New Jersey. By all appearances she seemed to get along well with her classmates. A notation in her yearbook described her as, Easy to meet...nice to know. In 1966 Quinn graduated from the Newark State Teachers College and she began teaching at St. Josephs School for the Deaf in the Bronx. She was a dedicated teacher who was well liked by her students. The 1970s In the early 1970s the womans movement and the sexual revolution was beginning to take hold. Quinn adopted some of more liberal points of view of the times, and unlike some of her peers, she surrounded herself with a circle of racially diverse friends from various backgrounds and professions. She was an attractive woman, with an easy smile and an opened attitude. In 1972, she moved by herself into New York City, renting a small studio apartment on the West Side. Living alone seemed to nourish her desire for independence and she would often go to bars alone after work. There she would sometimes read a book while sipping wine. Other times she would meet men and invite them back to her apartment for the night. This promiscuous side of her seemed in direct conflict with her serious, more professional day time persona, especially because often times the men she met seemed on the rough side and lacking in education. Neighbors would later say that fairly regularly Quinn could be heard fighting with men in her apartment. On at least one occasion the fighting turned physical and left Quinn hurt and bruised. New Years Day, 1973 On Jan. 1, 1973, Quinn, as she had on many occasions, went across the street from where she lived to a neighborhood bar called W. M. Tweeds. While there she met two men, one a stock broker named Danny Murray and his friend John Wayne Wilson. Murray and Wilson were gay lovers who had lived together for almost a year. Murray left the bar around 11 p.m. and Quinn and Wilson continued to drink and talk late into the night. Around 2 a.m. they left Tweeds and went to Quinns apartment. The Discovery Three days later Quinn was found dead inside the apartment. She had been beaten over the head with a metal bust of herself, raped, stabbed at least 14 times and had a candle inserted into her vagina. Her apartment was ransacked and the walls were splattered with blood. The news of the grisly murder spread through New York City quickly and soon details of Quinns life, often written as her double life became front page news. In the meantime detectives, who had few clues to go on, released a sketch of Danny Murray to the newspapers. After seeing the sketch Murray contacted a lawyer and met with the police. He told them what he knew including that Wilson had returned to their apartment and confessed to the murder. Murray supplied Wilson with money so he could go to his brothers house in Indiana. John Wayne Wilson On January 11, 1973, police arrested Wilson for the murder of Roseann Quinn. Afterwards details of Wilsons sketchy past were revealed. John Wayne Wilson was 23 at the time of his arrest. Originally from Indiana, the divorced father of two girls, relocated to Florida before going to New York City. He had a lengthy arrest record having served jail time in Daytona Beach, Florida for disorderly conduct and again in Kansas City, Missouri on larceny charges. In July 1972, he escaped from a Miami jail and made it to New York where he worked as a street hustler until he met and moved in with Murray. Although Wilson had been arrested numerous times, there was nothing in his past that indicated that he was a violent and dangerous man. Wilson later made a full statement about the case. He told police that he was drunk the night he killed Quinn and that after going to her apartment they smoked some pot. He became enraged and killed her after she made fun of him for not being able to perform sexually. Four months after his arrest Wilson committed suicide by hanging himself in his cell with bed sheets. Criticism of Police and News Media During the Quinn murder investigation, police were often quoted in a way that made it appear the Quinns lifestyle was more to blame for her murder than the murderer himself. A protective voice from the womans movement seemed to curl around Quinn who could not defend herself, speaking up for her right to live the way she wanted, and to keep her as the victim, and not as a temptress whose actions caused her to be stabbed and beaten to death. Although it had little effect at the time, complaints on how the media presented Quinns murder and other women murdered during that time, influenced some change in how respectable news agencies wrote about female murder victims. Looking for Mr. Goodbar Many in New York City remained haunted by the murder of Roseann Quinn and in 1975, author Judith Rossner wrote the best-selling novel, Looking for Mr. Goodbar, which mirrored Quinns life and the way she was murdered. Described as a cautionary story to woman, the book became a best seller. In 1977 it was made into a movie starring Diane Keaton as the victim.

A critical evaluation of normative power EU Essay

A critical evaluation of normative power EU - Essay Example It is true that Francois Duchene (1972) developed theory, which terms the Europe as a civilian power. Indeed, Duchene deliberated that Europe’s most significant specialty was its promise to favour political and economic means in the place of military initiatives. (Duchene, 1972). Footing upon the Duchene’s theory, Manners presented the notion of Normative Power of Europe (NPE) as a structure of evaluation of the role of Europe in international order (Kugel, 2012). Along with the recognition of the EU as a civilian power, relying primarily on economic rather than military means, it is widely discussed as normative power which recognizes such norms and values as human rights, democracy, sustainable development (Gerrits, 2009). There is one important concept in EU’s normative power policy which is â€Å"milieu goals†. Realization of â€Å"milieu goals† of the EU which is the policy of expansion, neighborhood and numerous programs of partnership. At the same time, â€Å"milieu goals† are embodied at the global level within the international organizations, through the global ecological policy and various ethical initiatives (Tocci, 2008). It is demonstrated in the past and present studies about existence of special European foreign policy identity and special role of EU in the international relations. Nevertheless, one should admit that the EU’s normative power faces large number critics from many experts and researchers for inability to impact on global politics worldwide. On the other hand, one cannot deny that the EU seeks to apply normative policy towards not only Eastern European countries, but also towards North Africa and the Middle East states (Zielonka, 2013). This research essay will attempt to detail the evolution of the normative power of the EU, how it is being administered, the darker side of it and further

Global Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Business - Assignment Example It is of high importance to mention that the better levels of technology powered connectivity are resulting in the successful diffusion of various global trends, which emerges from various markets around the world. Because of faster evolution of the globalized trends, it can be said that the consumers are getting more and more aware of their needs and wants. It also has to be said that the better connectivity is helping the rapid dispersion of global trends from the well established markets to the emerging markets, thereby creating the opportunity for development of consumer demands. This entire cycle of increasing in consumer demand is having a direct impact on the part of the consumers in a circular manner. Faced by growing domestic demands in the marketplace, multiple companies located in various markets around the world are increasingly trying their level best to enter the new markets as they promote significant amount of business opportunity. It is important to state that becaus e of the entrance of companies in new markets, two major changes are getting initiated which are highly interrelated to each other. The first change is that the entrance of new companies is triggering the level of market competition. The second change is that because of the increase in market competition, a major shift of power balances is happening in the markets from the sellers to the buyers. The shift is more happening because of the large number of alternatives that are being currently made available in the market. It is important to mention that apart from raising the competition and influencing the power balance in the markets, the entrance of new companies is also magnifying the challenges and advantages existing in the business environment. For this particular assignment, the focus is on developing a strategic plan for a global business which will be based outside the United States. Designing a global business organization The concept of a global business organization denot es the simple fact that the product or service offered by the company is accepted and is in high demand in multiple markets around the world (Adekola and Sergi, 2012, p. 59). However, in today’s world, in order to cater to the differing tastes of the consumers present in various international markets, the global organization all over the world are stressing on customizing their products and services to a certain extent. The global business organization that is being conceived here will be based in India. The global company of Indian origin will be focusing on providing technological services to the customers located in various international markets. In a more specific manner, it needs to be stated that the Indian global company will be designing mobile applications for the customers located in the global markets Key characteristics of an effective global business A global business has several important characteristics. The first one is the fact that the products and services of a global business can be distributed in various international markets while making small market specific modifications. The second characteristic of

Innovation Report on the Microwave Oven Essay Example for Free

Innovation Report on the Microwave Oven Essay The famous American inventor, Thomas Alva Edison, once said: â€Å"Anything that wont sell, I dont want to invent. Its sale is proof of utility, and utility is success. † His perception was precisely accurate even to date, as the success of any product depends on the demand for it in the market’s economy. Inventions have continuously been reconstructed in different ways stretching technology to new lengths, which has changed the way we live today. When comparing the lifestyle of people in today’s world with those in the past, it is easy to recognize the way in which technology has changed us as; we now rely on it to assist in everyday activities. One such technological device, which is currently relied upon by many is the microwave oven. It is common to have microwave ovens in many different kitchen atmospheres; such as restaurants, offices and homes. At present, it is safe to say most families, over 95% of American households, own a microwave oven. Many of which commented that this device is difficult or impossible to do without it (Remich, 2007). According to a report by Lukovitz (2009), the economic crisis had an impact upon many Americans, which led them to change the way, they ate. This change led to many people eating at home but not necessarily cooking their own food. As the microwave oven gained popularity among households, the objective of this essay is to examine the origins of the microwave ovens in addition to the impact it has on the consumers. During World War II there were numerous radar related research projects being undertaken. These investigations were carried about using magnetrons, a vacuum tube which can produce microwave radiation (Gallawa, 2009). The invention of the microwave oven was therefore classified as a by-product of another technology since this was the method in which it was created. Dr. Percy LeBaron Spencer, a famous engineer with the Raytheon Corporation, was the first creator of the microwave oven in 1946 (Gallawa, 2009). While testing the vacuum tubing, Spencer realized the chocolate bar in his pocket melted and as such, he went on to experiment with popcorn, which popped, and finally with an egg, that exploded. A design was then fashioned to contain all the heat so as to cook food. This invention was to revolutionize the world of cooking from that day forward. Upon the early years of the product, microwave ovens were usually over five feet tall, weighed over 750 pounds and was priced at approximately $5000 each (Gallawa, 2009). A picture of such microwave ovens can be seen in figure one of the appendix. These microwave ovens needed plumbing upon assemble as the magnetron tube had to be water-cooled. During those years, the oven was not very popular; however, Raytheon Corporations thought differently and carried on to invest into the product. As the years went by, the improvements made the microwave oven more reliable and lightweight. Developments of new air-cooled magnetron were also undertaken eliminating the need for a plumber (Gallawa, 2009). As the microwave oven became recognized throughout the food industry, for less wastage and cutting costs, there were also new applications for their usage. Some industries used the microwave oven for drying potato chips, roasting coffee beans and other drying applications (Gallawa, 2009). The microwave oven was therefore becoming popular among many as the usage of it became endless. As with all great technologies, there is always room for improvement within the market and this is what was happening to the microwave oven. Thus enter the era of compact microwave ovens. Two years after Raytheon Manufacturing Company acquired Amana Refrigeration, they introduced the line of compact microwave ovens. Introduced in 1967 these compact microwave ovens, called the Radarange, were a countertop model priced at $495 (SMECC, 2007). An image of these compact microwave ovens can be seen in figure two of the appendix. This microwave oven also had similar effects upon the market as it was not popular and the company was not getting the sales it deserves as yet. According to Gallawa (2009), the first time the microwave oven sales exceeded those of gas ranges is in 1975. From this point onwards it was expected that sales of the microwave ovens would continue to increase especially in the next year. At present, microwave ovens come in many different styles and sizes adapting to the needs of the consumer. For instance some persons may prefer a convection microwave oven with a feature, which saves energy while others may choose a built in microwave oven to compliment their kitchen decor. Upon the invention of any product, there have been changes and modifications for improve its reliability in addition to adapting to the needs of the consumers. When emphasizing the change and innovation upon inventions created, Joseph Schumpeter (1934) made the following thesis; ‘They have employed existing means of production differently, more appropriately, more adventurously. They have â€Å"carried out new combinations†. They are entrepreneurs’ (Lumsdaine and Binks 2007). This interpretation attempts to explain the definition of an entrepreneur and analyzes them to be anyone who can make change upon an invention. Dr. Percy LeBaron Spencer can therefore be classed as an entrepreneur along the definitions of Joseph Schumpeter. He continued by explaining these changes can be categorized into two groups; discrete and gradual changes. The innovation of the microwave oven is a discrete change as there was no previous invention like this before its introduction to be compared to in the market. All associated risks involved with this type of change were experienced in the introduction of the microwave oven. As mentioned earlier, when the first microwave ovens were introduced, they were not popular and as such sales were not appealing (Gallawa 2009). The shareholders took a risk and continued the investments into the product. These risks were high and if there the innovation of the microwave oven was to be a failure this could have incurred large losses within the company. There was also a risk involved whether consumers would change their perspective about the use of microwave ovens within their homes. According to Gallawa (2009), there were many fears and myths about the use of microwave ovens as consumers thought they could make one blind or a person may die from the radiation poisoning. These fears and myths were the sole cause of the unfavorable reaction to the microwave oven in the earlier years. As these myths were tested to be false and fears were being overcome, consumes started to see the benefits of using the microwave oven. Reusch (2008) lists some of these advantages such as saving time in preparing meals, conservation of nutrition values in foods compared to using the stovetop, and it is easy to be cleaned. Thus, consumers began to purchase the microwave oven as a necessary kitchen appliance in the home. Even thought the stovetop is still the most popular cooking device among Americans, its usage has dropped from 53% in 1985 to 33% in 2009 (Lukovitz, 2009). Having gained a large consumer base over the years, the usage of the microwave oven has had a continuous increasing rate. Many companies have recognized the growing use of the microwave oven and as such they have prepared foods that are fully prepared by them. These foods range from pre-cooked entrees to organic and natural foods. Some foods may be packaged in a single serving meal pack that is easy to transport and prepare. Most of them also have a high nutritional value that can appeal to many persons whom are concerned about their health whilst eating good tasting and smelling foods. The use of microwave ovens has come a long way throughout its history. Starting off with an unfavorable initial reaction, the microwave oven has gained its reputation and is now a common way of preparing food. This was mainly due to its time saving feature in which it can cook foods as many people are working longer hours. The reputation gained from the microwave oven has also made it difficult for persons to go back to the original way of cooking and preparing foods. Many people of today’s age would prefer to use the microwave oven over any other cooking appliance. This is one kitchen appliance, which is considered a necessity to many people around the world. In conclusion, the innovation of the microwave oven was a successful invention that changed the way in which we prepared food.

Narrative †My Interests :: Personal Narrative Essays

Narrative – My Interests I am interested in anything that is interesting. Eclecticity seeps into my brain much more easily than the thunderingly similar data of a single concentrated topic area. Though I tend to gravitate towards computer, science, and math information, I will just as likely find an article on a political, religious, or historical topic just as interesting as an article on how astronauts keep their Coke fizzy in space or a book on how public key encryption works. My interests are gauged by how much time I spend in each of them. I spend time on my personal relationship with Christ (greatest interest), computing, writing, performing trumpet, and cycling, in order. Though I do not spend most of my daily time actively engaging in monastic exercises of personal study and reflection, or even in what would popularly be considered religious activity, I have determined to mold my entire life, moment by moment, in a way that is pleasing to God. This is my greatest interest. The second-most done activity in my life is computing, as it is currently my job. I do try to spend some time off the clock exercising this interest, but if allowed free in the wild, it would probably take third place to the next interest: writing. I enjoy writing very much. My writing topics and style tend to match my eclecticity, though I enjoy the role of an essayist-poet most of all. I have written many instructional articles, though I have lately stayed away from them due to my over-exercise of that area of writing. I enjoy poetry, and while few poets ever put bread on the table and write substantial amounts of poetry, I am not motivated by anything primarily for money and find poetry an expressive way to communicate things that prose is unable to. I have played the trumpet since the end of third grade and have become fairly accomplished at it. Music is important to me, and I find the practicing every day to be a satisfying relaxation. When I have time to ride my bicycle, I do. At one point, I used to actively train and race, when I came out of obesity and worked more diligently on my physique than I am now.

Superfund Program

Superfund Program Peggy Toler E. Hansen/EVS1001-31 March 31, 2011 Peggy Toler 2 Superfund Program I did not know what a Superfund program was until I looked it up and then I found out that it is an act that is the cornerstone legislation that provides the mechanism and funding for the cleanup of potentially dangerous hazardous-waste sites and the protection of ground water and human health. When you live near a superfund site, you and your family are at risk of developing a disease from the exposure of the different pollutants in these sites and may experience a loss of value of your property.The EPA says that there are steps that we can take to fight back. They have also said that they have set up a â€Å"Post Construction† strategy to ensure that Superfund response actions provide for the long-term protection of human health and the environment. The Construction Completion activities also involve optimizing remedies to increase effectiveness and /or to reduce cost without sa crificing long-term protection. There is still a health hazard for those who live close to a Superfund site.The site that I have found in my state was the Chemtronic, Inc. in Swannanoa, NC. It is about 1,027 acres and only about 20 acres in total are contaminated with these pollutants. This property has had several owners and operators and it was first developed as an industrial site in 1952. After first opening the first products that were manufactured on this site were explosives, incapacitating agents, and chemical intermediates. There are about 23 individual on-site disposal areas that were identified during the investigation activities on this site.During 1971, the disposal practices were not well defined. Solid waste materials and possibly solvents were reportedly incinerated in pits dug in the burning ground these pits are known as the Acid Pit Peggy Toler 3 area. There are the chemical wastes that were also disposed of in the trenches located in the Acid Pit Area. All of the activities at this site ended in 1994, and no new activities are occurring on this site. There is no on-site ground water and surface water being used in any way for anything.This site is bordered up on the North and West sides by woodlands and primarily national forests. There are several industrial facilities to the immediate South of this site. In the contaminants contained in these on-site disposal areas there are volatile organic compounds which include (1,2-dichloroethane, trans-1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethane, and tetrachloroethane), semi-volatile organic compounds which include benzophenone, benzylic acid, and explosives, and then there are the metals like chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc.The contaminants that are detected in the ground water include benzene, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, trans-1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethane, benzophenone, benzylic acid, picric acid, explosives, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc. The site cleanup plans were issued i n 1988. The major cleanup elements for this site include the installation of a ground water extraction and treatment system down gradient of the disposal areas in both the front valley and the back valley which is known as the Gregg Valley, capping and fixation/stabilization for contaminated soil in the disposal areas.These capped areas are fence with a chain-link fence and marked. Then they have a monitoring program to be established for the surface water. The ROD has issued an amend for this site in 1989, that specified the deletion of the requirement to solidify soil in Disposal Area (DA-23) as a result of an error in the remedial investigation data which was carried over into the initial ROD. Peggy Toler 4 With the cleanup progress with the capping and stabilization/solidification or the contaminated soil in the disposal area began in 1991, and was completed in 1993. They have placed multi-layer caps in the following areas DA-6, DA-7/8, DA-9, DA-10/11, DA-23 and in the Acid Pit Area. They have also installed a gas venting system at the Acid Pit Area. The Rod of 1988, addressed only those disposal areas that were deemed CERCLA related. The other disposal areas on the property were considered Resource Conservation and Recovery Act also known as (RCRA) areas as prior to 1994.The potentially responsible parties (PRPs) for the site undertook corrective actions to improve the operation of both the extraction systems and treatment systems in both valleys. The corrections that have taken place have significantly reduced the down time to these systems experienced in the past. There have been two reviews that have been developed for the site in 2002 and 2007. The review that was done in 2007, they found that the site was protective of the human health and the environment in the short-term.The NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources requested that the EPA consolidate oversight of all site environmental remediation activities under the EPA’s superfun d authority and relinquished the state’s RCRA oversight responsibilities for the site to the EPA’s Superfund program in March 2007. Recently the PRPs submitted the draft RI/FS Work Plan based on the Administrative Order on Consent (AOC) and accompanying statement of work. These cleanup activities have been undertaken by the PRPs with EPA’s oversight. Peggy Toler 5 There are three viable PRPs for the site that has been identified by EPA and they are Chemtronic, Inc. Northrop Grumman System Corporation, and CAN Holding, Inc. In 2008 the AOC signed by the PRPs and the EPA will address the cleanup for the former RCRA areas at the site that will now be addressed under CERCLA. The EPA has conducted a range of activities for the community to get involved at the Chemtronic site to solicit the community input and to ensure that the public remains informed about any of the site activities throughout the site cleanup process. These outreach activities include public notice s, interviews and public meeting on these cleanup activities and updates.In the future they are monitoring the ground water at the site, they say that the field work for the revised RI/FS should begin in the summer of 2009, and the next FYR for these sites is expected in 2012. As you will find out the more we try to cleanup areas like this, we have other pollutants in the world. There are things that we can do to help with these pollutants like cleaning everything that we can and stop putting things into the ground.References * Boorse, D. F. & Wright, R. T. (2011) Environmental Science (11 Edition) * www. epa. gov/region4/waste/nplnc/chemtrnc. htm